1. Why mapping in R?

2. Spatial data & Coordinate reference system

3. Importation and attribute manipulation of vector data with sf

4. Importation of raster data with raster

5. Geometry manipulations for vector and raster data

6. Thematic & interactive maps created with R

7. Questions, discussion, and use of your data

1. Open-source, free
   • Benefit from a very active community
   • Very large number of packages

1. Open-source, free

2. Workflow and replicability
   • import, format, analyze, visualize, export your data
   • repeat with new data
   • create your own functions/packages

1. Open-source, free

2. Workflow and replicability

3. Quite efficient
   • well-defined spatial classes
   • can read/write/convert many formats

1. Open-source, free

2. Workflow and replicability

3. Quite efficient

4. Many interfaces to other software
   • C/C++: Geos, proj4, Gdal
   • JavaScript: Leaflet
   • otherGIS: RQGIS, rgrass7, RgoogleMaps
   • retrieve data: osmdata

See Chapter 10 of Geocomputation with R

Possible limitations - Geo-referencing - Visualizing large spatial objects - Watershed analysis - …

• A place on the earth is specified by a latitude and longitude or X/Y coordinates
• The coordinates are based on a mathematical model of the shape of the earth
• Some mathematical formulas involve a transformation from the 3-D globle to a 2-D map

• An geographic (or unprojected) CRS uses latitude and longitude coordinates and references the earth as a 3-D object

• A projected CRS uses X and Y coordinates as a 2-D representation of the earth

Your geographic files have a CRS - but it’s not always defined

• Vector and raster spatial data was created based on a specific CRS
• Usually spatial files have metadata that tells you the CRS

You can use either an EPSG or proj4string to define the CRS.

• The EPSG code is a numeric representation of a CRS (e.g, 4326)
• The proj4string is a full set of parameters spelled out in a string (e.g., “+proj=longlat +ellps=WGS84 +no_defs”)

To find CRS in any format: Spatial Reference

Why use the sf package when sp is already tried and tested?

• Simple features refers to a formal standard (ISO 19125-1:2004) that describes how objects in the real world can be represented in computers

• Soon to be the successor of sp (sp developed in 2003, sf introduced in 2016)

• sf incorporates the functionality of the 3 main packages of the sp paradigm in a single, cohesive whole:
  • sp for the class system;
  • rgdal for reading and writing data;
  • rgeos for spatial operations undertaken by GEOS).

Why use the sf package when sp is already tried and tested?

• sf objects are easy to manipulate
  • Spatial objects are stored as data frames, with the feature geometries stored in list-columns
  • All functions begin with st_ for easy tab completion
  • Functions are pipe-friendly %>%
  • dplyr and tidyr verbs have been defined for the sf objects
  • Fast reading and writing of data
  • ggplot friendly
• GREAT documentation! sf vignette

• Non-spatial data
  • Water quality measures in Montreal ¹
• Vector data
  • MULTIPOINT - sample points of water quality measures in Montreal ¹
  • MULTILINESTRING - streams and rivers of Montreal ¹
  • MULTIPOLYGON - polygons of land use types ²
  • MULTIPOLYGON - polygons of Canadian boundary (retrieved directly from R)
• Raster data
  • raster - canopy index of Montreal ²
  • raster - altitude (retrieved directly from R)

library(sf) # for simple features vector
library(lwgeom) # for st_make_valid
library(dplyr) # for data manipulation
library(RColorBrewer) # for color palette
library(raster) # for raster data
library(mapview) # for interactive map

This dataset defines the localisation of the sampling points for the RUISSO program. The latter consists in analyzing the bacteriological and physicochemical quality of inland streams and watercourses in Montreal.

# Create a new directory to download data
if(!dir.exists("data")) dir.create("data")

# Download csv file from web page in your working directory
if (!file.exists("data/ruisso.csv"))
  download.file("http://donnees.ville.montreal.qc.ca/dataset/86843d31-4251-4002-b10d-620aaa751092/resource/adad6c48-fb48-40fc-a031-1ac870d978b4/download/scri03.-infor03.02-informatique03.02.07-donneesouvertesrsmaruissostationsstations_ruisso.csv",
  destfile = "data/ruisso.csv")

# Read csv file in R
ruisso <- read.csv("data/ruisso.csv", header = T, dec = ",")
names(ruisso)

## [1] "Plan.d.eau"              "Point.d.échantillonnage"
## [3] "Localisation"            "Administration"         
## [5] "LATITUDE"                "LONGITUDE"              
## [7] "Activité"

ruisso_sf <- st_as_sf(
  x = ruisso,
  coords = c("LONGITUDE", "LATITUDE"),
  crs = 4326) # the CRS is given in the metadata
ruisso_sf

## Simple feature collection with 66 features and 5 fields
## geometry type:  POINT
## dimension:      XY
## bbox:           xmin: -73.93704 ymin: 45.42516 xmax: -73.50467 ymax: 45.69734
## epsg (SRID):    4326
## proj4string:    +proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +no_defs
## First 10 features:
##          Plan.d.eau Point.d.échantillonnage
## 1  Rivière à l'Orme                 AAO-0.0
## 2  Rivière à l'Orme               AAO-1.5P1
## 3  Rivière à l'Orme               AAO-2.0P4
## 4  Rivière à l'Orme               AAO-3.3P6
## 5  Rivière à l'Orme                 AAO-3.5
## 6  Rivière à l'Orme                 AAO-3.6
## 7  Rivière à l'Orme               AAO-3.9P7
## 8  Rivière à l'Orme                 AAO-6.4
## 9  Rivière à l'Orme              AAO-6.4P12
## 10 Rivière à l'Orme                 AAO-6.5
##                                                                                                                                                                  Localisation
## 1                                                                   Pierrefonds, boul. Gouin O, 40m au nord de la rue de l'Anse à l'Orme, exutoire au lac des Deux Montagnes.
## 2                                                                                    Pierrefonds, N ponceau boul.Gouin, 1500m en amont exutoire,  branche provenant de l'est.
## 3                                                                                   Ste-A.-de-Bellevue, branche drainant secteur ouest, 140m à l'est de la rue Leslie Dowker.
## 4                                                        Kirkland, 60m au sud de l'intersection des rues de l'Anse à l'Orme et de Timberley trail, derrière le dépôt à neige.
## 5                                                                                 Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, 10m au nord du ch. Ste-Marie, 200m à l'ouest du ch. Anse à l'Orme.
## 6                                                                              Beaconsfield, 250m à l'est de la rue Lee et 25m au sud de l'autoroute 40, en amont du pluvial.
## 7                                    Beaconsfield, 240m à l'est de la rue Lee et 400m au sud de l'A40, embranchement provenant de la zone boisée entourant le boul. Lakeview.
## 8  200m à l'est du Boul.Morgan et 280m au sud de la transcanadienne, affluent provenant de Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue et de la partie O et S de la zone industriel de Baie d'Urfée.
## 9                                           Baie d'Urfée, boul. Morgan côté est, 250m au sud de l'autoroute 40,  affluent provenant des zones résidentilelles de Baie d'Urfé.
## 10                                                                                                                Baie d'Urfée, boul.Morgan côté ouest, 250m au sud de l'A40.
##             Administration Activité                   geometry
## 1      Pierrefonds-Roxboro    Actif POINT (-73.93704 45.45022)
## 2      Pierrefonds-Roxboro  Inactif POINT (-73.91931 45.44744)
## 3  Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue  Inactif POINT (-73.91535 45.44288)
## 4                 Kirkland    Actif POINT (-73.90147 45.43689)
## 5  Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue    Actif POINT (-73.90144 45.43566)
## 6              Baie d'Urfé    Actif  POINT (-73.9012 45.43462)
## 7             Beaconsfield  Inactif  POINT (-73.9002 45.43105)
## 8              Baie d'Urfé  Inactif POINT (-73.91347 45.42674)
## 9              Baie d'Urfé    Actif POINT (-73.91549 45.42531)
## 10             Baie d'Urfé    Actif POINT (-73.91565 45.42542)

Instead of creating a single map, as with sp object, the default plot of sf object creates multiple maps, one for each attribute, which can be useful for exploring the spatial distribution of different variables.

plot(ruisso_sf)  

To plot only the geometry and not all attributes, we retrieve the geometry list-column using st_geometry():

plot(st_geometry(ruisso_sf))

This dataset contains the actual water quality measurements at the RUISSO sampling points.

# Download csv file from web page in your working directory
if (!file.exists("data/donnees_ruisso_2016.csv"))
  download.file("http://donnees.ville.montreal.qc.ca/dataset/8c149ace-7b2f-4041-99ec-3bdbef5dcee6/resource/38c8eb26-46a1-4fc2-87a0-5c88e94cee8e/download/donnees_ruisso_2016.csv",
  destfile = "data/ruisso_data.csv")

# Read csv file in R
ruisso_data <- read.csv("data/ruisso_data.csv", header = T, dec = ",")
head(ruisso_data)

##   Point.d.échantillonnage       Date Raison.d.annulation  X.OD O2..mg.L.
## 1                 AAO-0.0 2016/05/12                     110.0      10.7
## 2                 AAO-0.0 2016/06/01                      74.0       7.4
## 3                 AAO-0.0 2016/06/22                      72.0       6.7
## 4                 AAO-0.0 2016/08/02                      79.0       6.8
## 5                 AAO-0.0 2016/08/22                      79.0       7.3
## 6                 AAO-0.0 2016/09/20                      76.8       7.1
##   Conductivité..µs.cm2.  pH Température..oC. Signe.COLI COLI MÉTÉO
## 1                   514 7.9             16.9          <   10     1
## 2                  1434 7.9             15.0          =   54     1
## 3                  1474 7.7             19.1          =  230     0
## 4                  1346 7.9             22.3          =  300     1
## 5                   793 7.8             19.1          =  550    -1
## 6                  1286 7.7             18.8          =   72    -2
##   Ag..µg.L. Al..µg.L. As..µg.L. Ba..µg.L. Be..µg.L. Ca..µg.L. Cd..µg.L.
## 1       0.1       214       0.4        37       0.1     44200       0.1
## 2       0.1        60       0.5        69       0.1    109000       0.1
## 3       0.1       761       0.9        58       0.1    104000       0.1
## 4       0.1       214       0.8        67       0.1     98200       0.1
## 5       0.1       353       0.5        56       0.1     71200       0.1
## 6       0.1       207       0.5        61       0.1    102000       0.1
##   Co..µg.L. COT..µg.L. Cr..µg.L. Cu..µg.L. Fe..µg.L. K..µg.L. Mg..µg.L.
## 1       0.2        7.2       0.6       1.9       364     1970     15600
## 2       0.2        6.4       0.3       3.2       271     4190     37100
## 3       0.8        6.1       2.2       4.3      1200     4600     39300
## 4       0.3       15.1       0.5       1.6       393     4180     36000
## 5       0.4        4.3       1.3       3.0       533     3150     19500
## 6       0.2        5.3       0.7       3.2       367     4100     33700
##   Mn..µg.L. Mo..µg.L. Na..µg.L. NH3..µg.L. Ni..µg.L. Ptot..µg.L. Pb..µg.L.
## 1      40.4       1.5     46600         30       1.2          37       0.5
## 2      70.3       4.1    100000        160       2.3          33       0.2
## 3      82.8       4.1    100000        290       3.0         129       3.2
## 4      65.1       3.9    100000         90       2.0          67       0.9
## 5      44.2       2.9     58200        120       2.3          55       0.8
## 6      18.9       3.3    100000         40       2.7          31       0.7
##   MES...mg.L. Sb..µg.L. Se..µg.L. Sn2.ug.L Tl.ug.L U..µg.L. V..µg.L.
## 1         6.8       0.5       0.5        1     0.2      0.8      0.9
## 2         5.7       0.5       0.5        1     0.2      1.7      0.6
## 3        35.3       0.5       0.5        1     0.2      1.8      2.8
## 4         9.0       0.5       0.5        1     0.2      1.8      1.7
## 5        10.3       0.5       0.5        1     0.2      1.2      1.7
## 6         3.6       0.5       0.5        1     0.2      1.3      1.2
##   Zn..µg.L.
## 1         7
## 2         7
## 3        12
## 4         7
## 5         7
## 6         7

Geocomputation with R

Attribute manipulations

Tidy spatial data in R

Combining data from different sources is a common task in data preparation. left_join() from dplyr do this by combining tables based on a shared ‘key’ variable. See dplyr and tidyr cheatsheet for other join functions.

ruisso_sf <- left_join(ruisso_sf, ruisso_data, by = "Point.d.échantillonnage")
names(ruisso_sf)

##  [1] "Plan.d.eau"              "Point.d.échantillonnage"
##  [3] "Localisation"            "Administration"         
##  [5] "Activité"                "Date"                   
##  [7] "Raison.d.annulation"     "X.OD"                   
##  [9] "O2..mg.L."               "Conductivité..µs.cm2."  
## [11] "pH"                      "Température..oC."       
## [13] "Signe.COLI"              "COLI"                   
## [15] "MÉTÉO"                   "Ag..µg.L."              
## [17] "Al..µg.L."               "As..µg.L."              
## [19] "Ba..µg.L."               "Be..µg.L."              
## [21] "Ca..µg.L."               "Cd..µg.L."              
## [23] "Co..µg.L."               "COT..µg.L."             
## [25] "Cr..µg.L."               "Cu..µg.L."              
## [27] "Fe..µg.L."               "K..µg.L."               
## [29] "Mg..µg.L."               "Mn..µg.L."              
## [31] "Mo..µg.L."               "Na..µg.L."              
## [33] "NH3..µg.L."              "Ni..µg.L."              
## [35] "Ptot..µg.L."             "Pb..µg.L."              
## [37] "MES...mg.L."             "Sb..µg.L."              
## [39] "Se..µg.L."               "Sn2.ug.L"               
## [41] "Tl.ug.L"                 "U..µg.L."               
## [43] "V..µg.L."                "Zn..µg.L."              
## [45] "geometry"

Keep only active sites

ruisso_sf1 <- filter(ruisso_sf, Activité == "Actif")
# same as
# ruisso_sf1 <- filter(ruisso_sf, Activité != "Inactif")
dim(ruisso_sf)

## [1] 361  45

dim(ruisso_sf1)

## [1] 345  45

Remove unwanted variables

ruisso_sf2 <- dplyr::select(ruisso_sf1, 
                            -Localisation, 
                            -Activité, 
                            -Raison.d.annulation, 
                            -Signe.COLI, 
                            -MÉTÉO)

Note: Both raster and dplyr packages have a function called select(). To avoid an error message when both packages are loaded, we use the long-form function name: dplyr::select().

names(ruisso_sf2)

##  [1] "Plan.d.eau"              "Point.d.échantillonnage"
##  [3] "Administration"          "Date"                   
##  [5] "X.OD"                    "O2..mg.L."              
##  [7] "Conductivité..µs.cm2."   "pH"                     
##  [9] "Température..oC."        "COLI"                   
## [11] "Ag..µg.L."               "Al..µg.L."              
## [13] "As..µg.L."               "Ba..µg.L."              
## [15] "Be..µg.L."               "Ca..µg.L."              
## [17] "Cd..µg.L."               "Co..µg.L."              
## [19] "COT..µg.L."              "Cr..µg.L."              
## [21] "Cu..µg.L."               "Fe..µg.L."              
## [23] "K..µg.L."                "Mg..µg.L."              
## [25] "Mn..µg.L."               "Mo..µg.L."              
## [27] "Na..µg.L."               "NH3..µg.L."             
## [29] "Ni..µg.L."               "Ptot..µg.L."            
## [31] "Pb..µg.L."               "MES...mg.L."            
## [33] "Sb..µg.L."               "Se..µg.L."              
## [35] "Sn2.ug.L"                "Tl.ug.L"                
## [37] "U..µg.L."                "V..µg.L."               
## [39] "Zn..µg.L."               "geometry"

Rename some variables

ruisso_sf3 <- rename(ruisso_sf2,
  river = Plan.d.eau,
  sample_pts = Point.d.échantillonnage,
  dissolve_O = X.OD)
names(ruisso_sf3)

##  [1] "river"                 "sample_pts"           
##  [3] "Administration"        "Date"                 
##  [5] "dissolve_O"            "O2..mg.L."            
##  [7] "Conductivité..µs.cm2." "pH"                   
##  [9] "Température..oC."      "COLI"                 
## [11] "Ag..µg.L."             "Al..µg.L."            
## [13] "As..µg.L."             "Ba..µg.L."            
## [15] "Be..µg.L."             "Ca..µg.L."            
## [17] "Cd..µg.L."             "Co..µg.L."            
## [19] "COT..µg.L."            "Cr..µg.L."            
## [21] "Cu..µg.L."             "Fe..µg.L."            
## [23] "K..µg.L."              "Mg..µg.L."            
## [25] "Mn..µg.L."             "Mo..µg.L."            
## [27] "Na..µg.L."             "NH3..µg.L."           
## [29] "Ni..µg.L."             "Ptot..µg.L."          
## [31] "Pb..µg.L."             "MES...mg.L."          
## [33] "Sb..µg.L."             "Se..µg.L."            
## [35] "Sn2.ug.L"              "Tl.ug.L"              
## [37] "U..µg.L."              "V..µg.L."             
## [39] "Zn..µg.L."             "geometry"

Remove symbole from column names

names(ruisso_sf3) <- gsub("\\..*", "", names(ruisso_sf3))
names(ruisso_sf3)

##  [1] "river"          "sample_pts"     "Administration" "Date"          
##  [5] "dissolve_O"     "O2"             "Conductivité"   "pH"            
##  [9] "Température"    "COLI"           "Ag"             "Al"            
## [13] "As"             "Ba"             "Be"             "Ca"            
## [17] "Cd"             "Co"             "COT"            "Cr"            
## [21] "Cu"             "Fe"             "K"              "Mg"            
## [25] "Mn"             "Mo"             "Na"             "NH3"           
## [29] "Ni"             "Ptot"           "Pb"             "MES"           
## [33] "Sb"             "Se"             "Sn2"            "Tl"            
## [37] "U"              "V"              "Zn"             "geometry"

Remove accent from column names

names(ruisso_sf3) <- gsub("é", "e", names(ruisso_sf3))
names(ruisso_sf3)

##  [1] "river"          "sample_pts"     "Administration" "Date"          
##  [5] "dissolve_O"     "O2"             "Conductivite"   "pH"            
##  [9] "Temperature"    "COLI"           "Ag"             "Al"            
## [13] "As"             "Ba"             "Be"             "Ca"            
## [17] "Cd"             "Co"             "COT"            "Cr"            
## [21] "Cu"             "Fe"             "K"              "Mg"            
## [25] "Mn"             "Mo"             "Na"             "NH3"           
## [29] "Ni"             "Ptot"           "Pb"             "MES"           
## [33] "Sb"             "Se"             "Sn2"            "Tl"            
## [37] "U"              "V"              "Zn"             "geometry"

There are multiple measurements during the summer.

ruisso_sf3

## Simple feature collection with 345 features and 39 fields
## geometry type:  POINT
## dimension:      XY
## bbox:           xmin: -73.93704 ymin: 45.42516 xmax: -73.50467 ymax: 45.69734
## epsg (SRID):    4326
## proj4string:    +proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +no_defs
## First 10 features:
##               river sample_pts      Administration       Date dissolve_O
## 1  Rivière à l'Orme    AAO-0.0 Pierrefonds-Roxboro 2016/05/12      110.0
## 2  Rivière à l'Orme    AAO-0.0 Pierrefonds-Roxboro 2016/06/01       74.0
## 3  Rivière à l'Orme    AAO-0.0 Pierrefonds-Roxboro 2016/06/22       72.0
## 4  Rivière à l'Orme    AAO-0.0 Pierrefonds-Roxboro 2016/08/02       79.0
## 5  Rivière à l'Orme    AAO-0.0 Pierrefonds-Roxboro 2016/08/22       79.0
## 6  Rivière à l'Orme    AAO-0.0 Pierrefonds-Roxboro 2016/09/20       76.8
## 7  Rivière à l'Orme    AAO-0.0 Pierrefonds-Roxboro 2016/10/25       96.9
## 8  Rivière à l'Orme  AAO-3.3P6            Kirkland 2016/05/12      110.0
## 9  Rivière à l'Orme  AAO-3.3P6            Kirkland 2016/06/01       81.0
## 10 Rivière à l'Orme  AAO-3.3P6            Kirkland 2016/06/22       93.0
##      O2 Conductivite  pH Temperature  COLI  Ag   Al  As Ba  Be     Ca  Cd
## 1  10.7          514 7.9        16.9    10 0.1  214 0.4 37 0.1  44200 0.1
## 2   7.4         1434 7.9        15.0    54 0.1   60 0.5 69 0.1 109000 0.1
## 3   6.7         1474 7.7        19.1   230 0.1  761 0.9 58 0.1 104000 0.1
## 4   6.8         1346 7.9        22.3   300 0.1  214 0.8 67 0.1  98200 0.1
## 5   7.3          793 7.8        19.1   550 0.1  353 0.5 56 0.1  71200 0.1
## 6   7.1         1286 7.7        18.8    72 0.1  207 0.5 61 0.1 102000 0.1
## 7  11.0         1414 7.7         9.4    99 0.1  259 0.4 77 0.1 122000 0.1
## 8  11.6         1589 7.9        12.9  1200 0.1   81 0.3 60 0.1 125000 0.1
## 9   8.1         1639 8.0        15.6  4400 0.1   95 0.4 56 0.1 123000 0.1
## 10  9.2          897 7.9        15.6 33000 0.1 2600 1.1 63 0.1  72700 0.1
##     Co  COT  Cr   Cu   Fe    K    Mg    Mn  Mo     Na NH3  Ni Ptot  Pb
## 1  0.2  7.2 0.6  1.9  364 1970 15600  40.4 1.5  46600  30 1.2   37 0.5
## 2  0.2  6.4 0.3  3.2  271 4190 37100  70.3 4.1 100000 160 2.3   33 0.2
## 3  0.8  6.1 2.2  4.3 1200 4600 39300  82.8 4.1 100000 290 3.0  129 3.2
## 4  0.3 15.1 0.5  1.6  393 4180 36000  65.1 3.9 100000  90 2.0   67 0.9
## 5  0.4  4.3 1.3  3.0  533 3150 19500  44.2 2.9  58200 120 2.3   55 0.8
## 6  0.2  5.3 0.7  3.2  367 4100 33700  18.9 3.3 100000  40 2.7   31 0.7
## 7  0.3  4.2 0.9  3.1  422 5590 35900  24.7 3.8 100000  70 2.4   36 0.6
## 8  0.2  3.8 0.3  3.3  237 4070 36300  57.2 2.3 100000  60 2.0   23 0.2
## 9  0.2  3.7 0.3  8.0  258 4840 35400  68.3 3.1 100000 100 2.1  207 0.2
## 10 2.7 23.6 9.9 30.0 3950 4790 20900 261.0 2.6  92300 490 7.6  430 5.6
##      MES  Sb  Se Sn2  Tl   U   V  Zn                   geometry
## 1    6.8 0.5 0.5   1 0.2 0.8 0.9   7 POINT (-73.93704 45.45022)
## 2    5.7 0.5 0.5   1 0.2 1.7 0.6   7 POINT (-73.93704 45.45022)
## 3   35.3 0.5 0.5   1 0.2 1.8 2.8  12 POINT (-73.93704 45.45022)
## 4    9.0 0.5 0.5   1 0.2 1.8 1.7   7 POINT (-73.93704 45.45022)
## 5   10.3 0.5 0.5   1 0.2 1.2 1.7   7 POINT (-73.93704 45.45022)
## 6    3.6 0.5 0.5   1 0.2 1.3 1.2   7 POINT (-73.93704 45.45022)
## 7    5.8 0.5 0.5   1 0.2 2.2 1.2   7 POINT (-73.93704 45.45022)
## 8    3.4 0.5 0.5   1 0.2 1.9 0.7   7 POINT (-73.90147 45.43689)
## 9    5.0 0.5 0.5   1 0.2 1.6 1.0   7 POINT (-73.90147 45.43689)
## 10 161.0 1.2 0.5   1 0.2 0.9 9.4 108 POINT (-73.90147 45.43689)

We will use the mean of water quality measurements.

ruisso_mean <- ruisso_sf3 %>%
  group_by(sample_pts) %>%
  summarise_at(vars(O2:Zn), mean, na.rm = TRUE)
ruisso_mean

## Simple feature collection with 50 features and 35 fields
## geometry type:  POINT
## dimension:      XY
## bbox:           xmin: -73.93704 ymin: 45.42516 xmax: -73.50467 ymax: 45.69734
## epsg (SRID):    4326
## proj4string:    +proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +no_defs
## # A tibble: 50 x 36
##    sample_pts    O2 Conductivite    pH Temperature    COLI    Ag    Al
##    <chr>      <dbl>        <dbl> <dbl>       <dbl>   <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
##  1 AAO-0.0     8.14        1180.  7.80        17.2   188.  0.100 295. 
##  2 AAO-3.3P6   9.50        1378.  7.89        16.4 18599.  0.100 432. 
##  3 AAO-3.5     8.79        1281.  7.74        14.3   612.  0.100 150. 
##  4 AAO-3.6     9.00        1128.  7.97        16.1   461.  0.100 217. 
##  5 AAO-6.4P12 10.1         1461.  7.96        18.2   147.  0.100  33.1
##  6 AAO-6.5     7.40         567.  8.12        16.5  1219.  0.100 109. 
##  7 ADM-1       9.97         333.  8.19        21.2    58.6 0.100 119. 
##  8 ANG-2       9.70         399.  8.33        20.2    41.0 0.100  60.7
##  9 BER-0.0     7.18         803.  7.61        17.1   305.  0.100 140. 
## 10 BER-0.7P1   9.25         751.  7.76        17.1  1431.  0.100  75.7
## # ... with 40 more rows, and 28 more variables: As <dbl>, Ba <dbl>,
## #   Be <dbl>, Ca <dbl>, Cd <dbl>, Co <dbl>, COT <dbl>, Cr <dbl>, Cu <dbl>,
## #   Fe <dbl>, K <dbl>, Mg <dbl>, Mn <dbl>, Mo <dbl>, Na <dbl>, NH3 <dbl>,
## #   Ni <dbl>, Ptot <dbl>, Pb <dbl>, MES <dbl>, Sb <dbl>, Se <dbl>,
## #   Sn2 <dbl>, Tl <dbl>, U <dbl>, V <dbl>, Zn <dbl>, geometry <POINT [°]>

plot(ruisso_mean)  

myPal <- colorRampPalette(c("blue", "red"))
plot(ruisso_mean["Temperature"],
  pal = myPal, nbreaks = 30, pch = 19, key.pos = 1,
  main = "Water temperature in streams of Montreal")

We can write a simple features object to a file (e.g. a shapefile) using the st_write() function in sf (see vignette)

st_write(ruisso_mean, dsn = "data/ruisso.shp", driver = "ESRI Shapefile", delete_dsn = T)

## Warning in abbreviate_shapefile_names(obj): Field names abbreviated for
## ESRI Shapefile driver

Some argument specifications varies by driver. ?st_write

We will now import a land use vector map of Montreal.

Because the original dataset was composed of multiple individual shapefiles and were long to download, these manipulations should have been performed before the workshop using this R script.

Don’t run these lines now!

# Download shapefiles
download.file("http://cmm.qc.ca/fileadmin/user_upload/geomatique/UtilisationDuSol/2016_Shapefiles/660-US-2016.zip", destfile = "data/landuse.zip")

# Unzip the main folder and name it "landuse"
unzip("landuse.zip", exdir="data/landuse")

# get all the zip files inside the main folder "landuse"
zipF <- list.files(path = "data/landuse/", pattern = "*.zip", full.names = TRUE)

# unzip all your files
plyr::ldply(.data = zipF, .fun = unzip, exdir = "data/landuse")

Don’t run these lines now!

# Get the names of the land use shapefiles from the folder "landuse"
shp_files <- list.files(path = "data/landuse", pattern = ".shp")
shp_files <- sub(".shp", "", shp_files)

# Read all the shapefiles
LU <- list()
for(f in shp_files) {
  LU[[f]] <- st_read(dsn = "data/landuse/", layer = f)
}

# Combine all shapefiles together
LU_all <- do.call(rbind, LU)

# Write as a GeoPackage
st_write(LU_all, "data/LU_all.gpkg", driver = "GPKG")

# Read GeoPackage in R
LU <- st_read(dsn = "data/LU_all.gpkg")

## Reading layer `LU_all' from data source `/Users/mariehbrice/Documents/GitHub/Rspatial/data/LU_all.gpkg' using driver `GPKG'
## Simple feature collection with 107233 features and 38 fields
## geometry type:  MULTIPOLYGON
## dimension:      XY
## bbox:           xmin: 265961.2 ymin: 5027324 xmax: 306814.6 ymax: 5063078
## epsg (SRID):    NA
## proj4string:    +proj=tmerc +lat_0=0 +lon_0=-73.5 +k=0.9999 +x_0=304800 +y_0=0 +ellps=GRS80 +towgs84=0,0,0,0,0,0,0 +units=m +no_defs

Notice that the EPSG code is not defined

To define the CRS when it’s missing we can use st_set_crs(). However, replacing crs does not reproject data. If we want to transform coordinate and reproject them, we would use st_transform().

LU <- st_set_crs(LU, 32188)

sf vignette

We can map only one land use at a time by subsetting first the sf object. UTIL_SOL==1000 represents water.

plot(st_geometry(subset(LU, UTIL_SOL==1000)))

Geometry validity refers to essential properties of polygons, such as non-self intersecting, holes being inside polygons, more than 4 points, closing segments. Invalid geometry can be ignored for mapping but cause problem for spatial operations.

st_is_valid() returns a logical vector indicating for each polygon geometries whether it is topologically valid:

(invalid_poly <- which(!st_is_valid(LU)))

##   [1]    862   1149   1251   1406   2071   2119   3479   3837   4838   5586
##  [11]   7908   7975   8057   8073   8111   8132   8501   8980   9001   9149
##  [21]   9252   9638   9715  10381  10424  10910  10929  11342  11801  12094
##  [31]  13135  14420  16639  20129  20228  20678  21322  21445  22679  22800
##  [41]  23330  23684  26948  26951  27117  27122  27144  27152  27479  28796
##  [51]  28917  28975  29932  30268  31097  31945  32140  32475  32543  32557
##  [61]  32640  32946  33281  33334  33834  35010  36204  36865  38359  39235
##  [71]  39251  39255  39276  39535  39549  39919  41952  42034  42085  42439
##  [81]  42484  42781  43534  44540  45171  50868  56315  58126  58127  59198
##  [91]  59219  64288  66720  68063  68539  68639  68701  68744  69507  69977
## [101]  71081  78557  78740  79890  81941  83127  87246  87384  87419  87434
## [111]  93149  93722  93730  93899  93980  94074  94159  94593  94839  99756
## [121] 100103 101174 101228 101260 101330 103278 103877 104673 105625 105951
## [131] 106710 106874 106900 106945 107213

Geometry validity refers to essential properties of polygons, such as non-self intersecting, holes being inside polygons, more than 4 points, closing segments. Invalid geometry can be ignored for mapping but cause problem for spatial operations.

Using the argument reason = TRUE returns the reason for invalidity:

st_is_valid(LU[invalid_poly,], reason = TRUE)[1:8]

## [1] "Nested shells[295499.0604 5045532.3412]"    
## [2] "Nested shells[298395.5742 5045168.6803]"    
## [3] "Self-intersection[297511.205 5032954.7058]" 
## [4] "Nested shells[273102.34356 5035592.911633]" 
## [5] "Nested shells[274053.456247 5036041.908298]"
## [6] "Nested shells[288581.300144 5036823.875472]"
## [7] "Self-intersection[294414.9683 5031596.2768]"
## [8] "Self-intersection[295265.9577 5045076.9297]"

par(mfrow = c(1,2))
plot(st_geometry(LU[862,]), main = "Nested shells")

plot(st_geometry(LU[1251,]), main = "Self-intersection")

We can use st_make_valid() from lwgeom to make an invalid geometry valid

LU_val <- st_make_valid(LU)

which(!st_is_valid(LU_val)) # yeah!

## integer(0)

1. Import a shapefile of watercourses in Montreal (courseau.shp) using st_read(dsn = path_to_file, layer = file_name, driver = "ESRI Shapefile") and name it courseau

If you did not load the shapefile before the workshop you can download it using download.file() from this link : http://donnees.ville.montreal.qc.ca/dataset/c128aff5-325c-4599-ab66-1c9d0b3abc94/resource/a37e11d4-f0a3-46a7-8636-76754fad72b3/download/courseau.zip

1. Create a simple map of the geometry

2. Create a simple thematic map of watercourse TYPE. You can change the default colors using the argument pal.

courseau

## Simple feature collection with 1306 features and 5 fields
## geometry type:  MULTILINESTRING
## dimension:      XY
## bbox:           xmin: -73.97268 ymin: 45.41593 xmax: -73.4975 ymax: 45.69939
## epsg (SRID):    4326
## proj4string:    +proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +no_defs
## First 10 features:
##    OBJECTID_1              NOM     TYPE Shape_Le_1 NuméroRui
## 1           1 rivière à l'Orme  rivière  177.95299      <NA>
## 2           2 rivière à l'Orme  rivière  128.51146      <NA>
## 3           3             <NA>    fossé  172.42988      <NA>
## 4           4 rivière à l'Orme  rivière  216.66838      <NA>
## 5           8             <NA>    fossé  540.29539      <NA>
## 6           9             <NA> ruisseau   97.66412      <NA>
## 7          10             <NA> ruisseau  162.30584      <NA>
## 8          11             <NA> ruisseau  210.75794      <NA>
## 9          14             <NA> ruisseau  608.28651      <NA>
## 10         16             <NA>    fossé  267.61108      <NA>
##                          geometry
## 1  MULTILINESTRING ((-73.9107 ...
## 2  MULTILINESTRING ((-73.90824...
## 3  MULTILINESTRING ((-73.90667...
## 4  MULTILINESTRING ((-73.91472...
## 5  MULTILINESTRING ((-73.91029...
## 6  MULTILINESTRING ((-73.9206 ...
## 7  MULTILINESTRING ((-73.91969...
## 8  MULTILINESTRING ((-73.91727...
## 9  MULTILINESTRING ((-73.91727...
## 10 MULTILINESTRING ((-73.91212...

Raster analysis in R

Geocomputation with R

The R package raster provides three main classes of raster object (details here):

RasterLayer - a single-layer (variable) raster (e.g. elevation)

RasterStack - one single object several single-layer (variable) rasters stored in one or different files (e.g. Worldclim bioclimatic variables)

We now import raster data use a .tif file of a canopy index from Montreal.

# Download tif file from web page in your working directory
if (!file.exists("data/canopee.zip"))
  download.file("http://cmm.qc.ca/fileadmin/user_upload/geomatique/IndiceCanopee/2015/660_Canopee2015_3m.zip", destfile = "data/canopee.zip")

unzip("data/canopee.zip", exdir = "data")

# Read tif in R using raster
# The file named "660_CLASS_3m.tif" contains the canopy index for all the Montreal area, so we can read this file only
canopee_mtl <- raster("data/660_CLASS_3m.tif")

canopee_mtl

## class       : RasterLayer 
## dimensions  : 35754, 40854, 1460693916  (nrow, ncol, ncell)
## resolution  : 1, 1  (x, y)
## extent      : 265961, 306815, 5027324, 5063078  (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
## coord. ref. : +proj=tmerc +lat_0=0 +lon_0=-73.5 +k=0.9999 +x_0=304800 +y_0=0 +ellps=GRS80 +towgs84=0,0,0,0,0,0,0 +units=m +no_defs 
## data source : /Users/mariehbrice/Documents/GitHub/Rspatial/data/660_CLASS_3m.tif 
## names       : X660_CLASS_3m 
## values      : 1, 5  (min, max)

The canopy index dataset is a RasterLayer with values from 1 to 5, 35754 pixels by row and 40854 pixels by column and resolution of 1m x 1m.

Similar to the sf package, raster also provides plot methods for its own classes.

plot(canopee_mtl)

In package raster, getData() function generates requests to access to different spatial datasets (altitude, climate, country boundary). Argument name specifies the dataset you wish to download.

Countries are specified by their 3 letter ISO codes.

head(getData("ISO3"))

##   ISO3        NAME
## 1  ABW       Aruba
## 2  AFG Afghanistan
## 3  AGO      Angola
## 4  AIA    Anguilla
## 5  ALA       Åland
## 6  ALB     Albania

Retrieve a raster of altitude for Canada.

# alt90 <- getData('SRTM', lon = -73.7, lat = 45.5) # Fine resolution
altCAN <- getData(name = "alt", country = "CAN", path = "data/") # Coarse resolution
altCAN

## class       : RasterLayer 
## dimensions  : 4992, 10620, 53015040  (nrow, ncol, ncell)
## resolution  : 0.008333333, 0.008333333  (x, y)
## extent      : -141.1, -52.6, 41.6, 83.2  (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
## coord. ref. : +proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +ellps=WGS84 +towgs84=0,0,0 
## data source : /Users/mariehbrice/Documents/GitHub/Rspatial/data/CAN_msk_alt.grd 
## names       : CAN_msk_alt 
## values      : -108, 5800  (min, max)

As you can see, the resolution of the altitude raster (650x926m) is a lot coarser than that of canopee_mtl (1x1m). We will therefore use the altitude raster for example of raster manipulations to reduce computation time.

Retrieve a raster of altitude for Canada.

plot(altCAN)

1. use getData() to retrieve Canadian boundary map at the provincial level
   • ?getData

2. Transform it to a sf object using st_as_sf()

3. Subset the Quebec boundary in the column NAME_1

4. Reproject your new object using the same projection that of the land use polygons (st_crs(LU_val) or with the EPSG code 32188)

5. Try to plot the geometry of the Quebec polygon.

6. Try qc_simple_prj <- st_simplify(qc_prj, dTolerance = 500, preserveTopology = F) and plot the geometry of this new object. Is there a difference?

plot(st_geometry(qc_simple_prj))

ruisso_buf <- st_buffer(st_geometry(ruisso_mean), dist = 0.01)

## Warning in st_buffer.sfc(st_geometry(ruisso_mean), dist = 0.01): st_buffer
## does not correctly buffer longitude/latitude data

## dist is assumed to be in decimal degrees (arc_degrees).

dist is assumed to be in decimal degrees This message indicates that sf assumes a distance value is given in degrees

st_buffer does not correctly buffer longitude/latitude data This warning indicates that the result may be incorrect because st_buffer expects coordinates in a 2-D, Euclidian space, which is not the case for longitude latitude data. So we should reproject the data onto a projected CRS.

plot(st_geometry(ruisso_mean), pch = 19, cex= .8)
plot(ruisso_buf, add = T, border= "blue3")

We can reproject the sample points using a suitable projection that has units of meters. To do this, we will use the projection from our land use polygons.

(ruisso_proj <- st_transform(ruisso_mean, crs = st_crs(LU_val)))

## Simple feature collection with 50 features and 35 fields
## geometry type:  POINT
## dimension:      XY
## bbox:           xmin: 270615.3 ymin: 5031758 xmax: 304436.2 ymax: 5061940
## epsg (SRID):    32188
## proj4string:    +proj=tmerc +lat_0=0 +lon_0=-73.5 +k=0.9999 +x_0=304800 +y_0=0 +ellps=GRS80 +towgs84=0,0,0,0,0,0,0 +units=m +no_defs
## # A tibble: 50 x 36
##    sample_pts    O2 Conductivite    pH Temperature    COLI    Ag    Al
##    <chr>      <dbl>        <dbl> <dbl>       <dbl>   <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
##  1 AAO-0.0     8.14        1180.  7.80        17.2   188.  0.100 295. 
##  2 AAO-3.3P6   9.50        1378.  7.89        16.4 18599.  0.100 432. 
##  3 AAO-3.5     8.79        1281.  7.74        14.3   612.  0.100 150. 
##  4 AAO-3.6     9.00        1128.  7.97        16.1   461.  0.100 217. 
##  5 AAO-6.4P12 10.1         1461.  7.96        18.2   147.  0.100  33.1
##  6 AAO-6.5     7.40         567.  8.12        16.5  1219.  0.100 109. 
##  7 ADM-1       9.97         333.  8.19        21.2    58.6 0.100 119. 
##  8 ANG-2       9.70         399.  8.33        20.2    41.0 0.100  60.7
##  9 BER-0.0     7.18         803.  7.61        17.1   305.  0.100 140. 
## 10 BER-0.7P1   9.25         751.  7.76        17.1  1431.  0.100  75.7
## # ... with 40 more rows, and 28 more variables: As <dbl>, Ba <dbl>,
## #   Be <dbl>, Ca <dbl>, Cd <dbl>, Co <dbl>, COT <dbl>, Cr <dbl>, Cu <dbl>,
## #   Fe <dbl>, K <dbl>, Mg <dbl>, Mn <dbl>, Mo <dbl>, Na <dbl>, NH3 <dbl>,
## #   Ni <dbl>, Ptot <dbl>, Pb <dbl>, MES <dbl>, Sb <dbl>, Se <dbl>,
## #   Sn2 <dbl>, Tl <dbl>, U <dbl>, V <dbl>, Zn <dbl>, geometry <POINT [m]>

ruisso_buf <- st_buffer(st_geometry(ruisso_proj), dist = 500)
# add an attribute for sample points id
ruisso_buf <- st_sf(sample_pts = ruisso_mean$sample_pts, ruisso_buf)

plot(st_geometry(ruisso_proj), pch = 19, cex= .5)
plot(st_geometry(ruisso_buf), add = T, border= "blue3")

par(mar=c(0,0,0,0))
plot(st_geometry(ruisso_proj), pch = 19, cex= .5)
plot(st_geometry(ruisso_buf), add = T, border= "blue3")

1. Reproject the courseau object using the land use projection and name it courseau_proj

2. Create a 300m buffer around each watercourse and name it courseau_buf. Plot the resulting geometry with courseau_proj on top.

3. Try st_union() on courseau_buf. Plot the resulting geometry and compare with courseau_buf.

4. Try st_centroid() on ruisso_buf. Plot the resulting geometry with ruisso_buf under.

For more geometric transformation such st_difference(), st_convex_hull(), st_intersection() see sf vignette

LU_reclas <- LU_val %>%
  dplyr::select(ID, UTIL_SOL) %>%
  mutate(UTIL_SOL = case_when(UTIL_SOL %in% c(100:114) ~ "resid",
                               UTIL_SOL %in% c(200:520) ~ "public_build",
                               UTIL_SOL == 600 ~ "green",
                               UTIL_SOL %in% c(700:760) ~ "road",
                               UTIL_SOL == 800 ~ "agri",
                               UTIL_SOL == 900 ~ "vacant",
                               UTIL_SOL == 1000 ~ "water",
                               UTIL_SOL == 1100 ~ "golf"))

We now want to find the proportion of area per buffer occupied by different land use types. st_intersection() can be used to obtain the intersection of two geometries (i.e. the area covered by both).

LU_inters <- st_intersection(LU_reclas, ruisso_buf)

## Warning: attribute variables are assumed to be spatially constant
## throughout all geometries

Attribute values are assigned to sub-geometries; if these are spatially constant, as for instance for land use, then this is fine. If they are aggregates, such as population count, then this is not fine, wrong even.

plot(LU_inters["UTIL_SOL"])

# add in a column and compute area (area of each land use poly in intersect layer)
LU_inters$areaLU <- st_area(LU_inters)

# group data by sample points and land use type and calculate the total area for each land use per buffer
LU_area <- LU_inters %>%
  group_by(sample_pts, UTIL_SOL) %>%
  summarise(areaLU = sum(areaLU))

# remove geometry
st_geometry(LU_area) <- NULL

# buffer with 500m radius so area is pi*500^2 
# try st_area(ruisso_buf)

# compute proportion for each land use
LU_area$propLU <- as.numeric(LU_area$areaLU/(pi*500^2))

# transform to wide format and create a new data frame containing our new landscape variables
env_var <- reshape2::dcast(data = LU_area, formula = sample_pts ~ UTIL_SOL, fill = 0)

## Using propLU as value column: use value.var to override.

crop() will decrease the extent of the raster using the extent of Montreal area.

extMtl <- extent(c(xmin=-73.97342, xmax=-73.47562, ymin=45.39904, ymax=45.73252))
alt_crop <- crop(altCAN, extMtl) # Crop the raster

crop() will decrease the extent of the raster using the extent of Montreal area.

par(mfrow=c(1,2))
plot(altCAN)
plot(alt_crop)

The projection of alt_crop is in longitude/latitude.

alt_crop

## class       : RasterLayer 
## dimensions  : 40, 60, 2400  (nrow, ncol, ncell)
## resolution  : 0.008333333, 0.008333333  (x, y)
## extent      : -73.975, -73.475, 45.4, 45.73333  (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
## coord. ref. : +proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +ellps=WGS84 +towgs84=0,0,0 
## data source : in memory
## names       : CAN_msk_alt 
## values      : 0, 179  (min, max)

We can use projectRaster() to transform the CRS of one spatial object to match another spatial object

alt_proj <- projectRaster(alt_crop, crs = st_crs(LU_val)[[2]])
alt_proj

## class       : RasterLayer 
## dimensions  : 48, 72, 3456  (nrow, ncol, ncell)
## resolution  : 650, 926  (x, y)
## extent      : 263713, 310513, 5025305, 5069753  (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
## coord. ref. : +proj=tmerc +lat_0=0 +lon_0=-73.5 +k=0.9999 +x_0=304800 +y_0=0 +ellps=GRS80 +towgs84=0,0,0,0,0,0,0 +units=m +no_defs 
## data source : in memory
## names       : CAN_msk_alt 
## values      : 0.9513865, 173.2387  (min, max)

Compute the mean altitude per buffer

sample_alt <- raster::extract(alt_proj, as(ruisso_buf, "Spatial"), fun=mean, na.rm=TRUE)
head(sample_alt)

##          [,1]
## [1,] 23.51085
## [2,] 28.15839
## [3,] 28.15839
## [4,] 28.22916
## [5,] 32.50139
## [6,] 30.12374

# Add this new environmental variables to our data frame
env_var <- cbind.data.frame(env_var, altitude = sample_alt)

See the package velox for faster raster extraction

Now that we have our response variables (mean measurements of water quality in different watercourses) our environmental variables of interest (% of different land use types in a 500m buffer and mean altitude in a 500m buffer), we could performed various statistical analyses. For instance, we could use these data and run a RDA.

plot() allows combination of multiple layers of information in a same graph, with the argument add = T

plot(canopee_mtl)
plot(st_geometry(courseau_proj), col = "#034ebf", lwd = 1.5, add = T)
plot(st_geometry(ruisso_proj), pch = 19, col = "#B00C0C", add = T)

Change the color palette for the raster levels. There are 5 levels and only 2 are pertinent: 3 = low vegetation cover and 4 = canopy (see here for info on the classification).

myPal <- c("white", "white", "#BAE4B3", "#006D2C", "white")

plot(canopee_mtl, col = myPal, legend = F)
plot(st_geometry(subset(LU_val, UTIL_SOL==1000)), 
     col = "#7eb0fc", border = "#7eb0fc",add=T) # UTIL_SOL==1000 -> rivers
plot(st_geometry(courseau_proj), col = "#034ebf", lwd = 1.5, add = T)
plot(st_geometry(ruisso_proj), pch = 19, col = "#B00C0C", add = T)
legend("bottomright", legend = c("Low vegetation", "Canopy"), 
       fill = c("#BAE4B3", "#006D2C"), border="white", bty = "n")

Add an inset

par(fig = c(0,1,0,1))

plot(canopee_mtl, col = myPal, legend = F)
plot(st_geometry(subset(LU_val, UTIL_SOL == 1000)), 
     col = "#7eb0fc", border = "#7eb0fc", add = T) # UTIL_SOL==1000 -> rivers
plot(st_geometry(courseau_proj), col = "#034ebf", lwd = 1.5, add = T)
plot(st_geometry(ruisso_proj), pch = 19, col = "#B00C0C", add = T)
legend("bottomright", legend = c("Low vegetation", "Canopy"), 
       fill = c("#BAE4B3", "#006D2C"), border="white", bty = "n")

par(fig = c(0.08, 0.6, 0.42, 1), new = T) 

plot(st_geometry(qc_simple_prj), col = "grey85")
points(286543, 5038936, pch = 17, col = "#B00C0C")

Add an inset

Join our environmental variables data frame as attributes to the sf sample points

ruisso_env <- left_join(ruisso_proj, env_var, by = "sample_pts")

## Warning: Column `sample_pts` joining character vector and factor, coercing
## into character vector

mapview(ruisso_env, zcol = 'COLI', legend=TRUE, layer.name = "E. coli density")

mapview(ruisso_env, cex = "public_build", legend = TRUE, layer.name = "% of public building", 
        map.types = "Esri.WorldImagery")

myPal <- colorRampPalette(brewer.pal(9, "YlGnBu"))
mapview(ruisso_env, zcol = "resid", cex = "COLI", legend = TRUE, col.regions = myPal, layer.name = "% of residential area")

R script

Geocomputation with R

Custom maps

• Introduction to visualising spatial data in R

• Geocomputation with R

• R in space - Custom maps

Interactive maps

• leaflet

• Mapview

• tmap

• plotly